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The Codex was written and formalised after the [[Horus Heresy]] by the [[Primarch]] of the [[Ultramarines]], [[Roboute Guilliman]]. Some Chapters, such as the Ultramarines and their [[successor]]s, regard the Codex as a holy text, and follow it without question. Many other chapters also follow the Codex, though not always as strictly as the Ultramarines; these two types of chapters are collectively known as [[Codex Chapters]]. Among the Ultramarines, each battle brother must memorise whole sections of the codex, so that within a company there exists an entire record of the text.{{Fn|1}}
[[Image:SMOrg9th.jpg|thumb|right|Organization Organisation of a Codex-Compliant Space Marine [[Chapter]] since the introduction of [[Primaris Space Marines]]{{Fn|20a}}]]
The Codex has also seen use in some non-[[Adeptus Astartes]] organisations, such as the [[Ultramar Defence Auxilia]]. In these cases, the Codex is adapted to fit mortal infantry, but the core tactics and tenets remain the same.{{Fn|36}}
In order to give form to the newly established Adeptus Astartes, [[Roboute Guilliman]] gathered his thoughts in the treatise known as the '''Codex Astartes'''. The original Codex was largely a work of two parts. In the first, Guilliman laid out the organisational structure of the [[Chapter]]s, their insignia, officers and role. The second was a collection of strategic and tactical theses intended to provide guidance to future leaders of the Space Marines.{{Fn|32a}}
The Codex Astartes was a code developed by Guilliman. This tome would contain everything a member of the Astartes would need to know to function. From recruitment to organization organisation to tactics and beyond the Codex Astartes became a sacred text to the majority of the Chapters.{{Fn|10}} One of the most significant changes under the new Codex was the newly founded Chapters. Where the Legions could number more than 10,000 strong the Chapters would be limited to about a thousand. Each original Legion would be divided as many times as needed into successor Chapters. This division would come to be called the [[Second Founding]] seven years after the Horus Heresy{{Fn|11b}}, in 021.[[M31]]. The remaining thousand bodies in the original Legion would also survive as a new Chapter of the same name. While these newly created Chapters claimed their founders origins, such as their Primarch, they would also come to develop their own culture and customs.{{Fn|25a}}
[[Rogal Dorn]] initially rejected the Codex Astartes and enmity developed between him and Guilliman. Dorn called Guilliman a coward, citing his lack of participation in the defence of the [[Imperial Palace]]. Guilliman accused Dorn of being a rebel for refusing the Codex. This enmity quickly involved other Space Marine Legions and a rift developed, [[Leman Russ (primarch)|Leman Russ]] of the [[Space Wolves]] stood by the [[Imperial Fists]], while [[Jaghatai Khan]] of the [[White Scars]] and [[Corax]] of the [[Raven Guard]] supported the [[Ultramarines]]. A second civil war appeared likely when the Imperial Fists [[strike cruiser]] ''[[Terrible Angel]]'' was fired upon by the [[Imperial Navy]] in connection with Codex crisis.{{Fn|7}}
Likewise, the [[Dark Angels]] and their successors, while dividing into chapters, have remained united in their single-minded pursuit of the [[Fallen]].{{Fn|26}}
The [[Space Wolves]] Legion, however, never fully accepted the new doctrine; rather they held sacred the teachings of their Primarch, Leman Russ. For that reason, the Wolves consist of twelve [[Great Company|Great Companies]], rather than the ten mandated by the Codex, and their system of organization organisation and promotion bears little resemblance to that of hardline Codex chapters, such as the Ultramarines. Although the Space Wolves attempted to create Successor Chapters, the genetic instability of their [[gene-seed]] made a disaster of their first attempt, the ill-fated [[Wolf Brothers]].{{Fn|9}}
In the immediate aftermath of the Heresy, [[Nassir Amit]], the founder and first chapter master of the [[Flesh Tearers]], expressed little but scorn for the Codex, finding it amusing that Guilliman, who had been absent from the [[Battle of Terra]], should think himself fit to impose restrictions on the other Legions.{{Fn|13}}